Courses in this component introduce fundamental concepts, methods and content in disciplines essential to a liberal education.

Requirement: Eight courses, with at least one course from each of the six area, and two additional courses in any of the six areas. No more than two courses from any one area may be used to satisfy the Liberal Studies requirement.

• Area 1: History [L1]
  

  Courses acquaint students with some of the principal developments of the past or present, in World or American history. In the context of the principal developments of the historical period being studied, students analyze problems or controversies, placing a particular institution, idea, artifact, or event into its historical and/or cultural context. Students also learn to use, analyze, and/or assess a variety of different kinds of source material.

  
  AMS 111 Intro. to American Studies

  An interdisciplinary approach to the study of America's heritage and the distinguishing features of the American mind and character. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  AMS 220 Amer Pop Cult: Product/Consum

  This course will offer a critical investigation of the role of popular culture in American life. From Tin Pan Alley to hip-hop, from fast food to pro wrestling, popular culture shows an increasing influence on American economic, social, and political life, and has become central in helping to define American identity and even reality itself. We all participate in popular culture in some way, and this course will give students the chance to explore its meanings and importance in their lives and in American culture. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  AMS 223 American Thought & Culture

  A survey of American intellectual history and cultural criticism ranging from Puritanism and Enlightenment Rationalism to multiculturalism, feminism, and post-modernism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History).Writing Process. 3 credits.

  
  AMS 225 Democracy in America

  This course will explore both the historical origins and development of the cultural ideal of democracy in the United States. By focusing on the cultural ideal of democracy, it will seek to understand the impact and meaning of democracy in America beyond that of political institutions alone. It will include readings and discussions in history, literature, politics, and cultural anthropology. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  AMS 340 One Nation Under God?

  This course will explore the relationship between religion and politics in the United States. It will include an examination of the role religion played in the founding vision of our nation's democracy, as well as the important separation between church and state that has been achieved over the course of our nation's history. With this historical backdrop in mind, special emphasis will then be given to the ascendancy of the religious right in recent electoral politics. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with REL 340)

  
  HIS 103 The Ancient World

  A study of the development of civilizations from the development of human civilizations to the end of the first era of empire building in India, China, and the Mediterranean. Topics include the river valley civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China; the formation of great philosophies and religious traditions in Asia and Greece; and the first empires in the Mediterranean world, India, and China. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 104 The Second Age of Empires

  A study of the second phase of empire building in world history, spanning the period from the fall of Rome in 476 to the end of the Middle Ages in Europe and the end of Mongol domination in Asia and Russia by 1450. Topics will include the Byzantine Empire; the gradual recovery of Europe after the fall of Rome; the renewal of China under the T'ang and the Song Dynasties; the Islamic dynasties in the Middle East, Africa, India, and China; the pre-Columbian empires of Latin America; and the Mongol invasions. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 105 Formation of the Modern World

  This course is a survey of modern history, from ca. 1400 to the present. The course will focus on one of the most important aspects of modern history, the processes of colonization and decolonization. The course is framed by three main areas of inquiry. First students explore why it was the Europeans who expanded over the globe from 1500 to 1900. The second theme is the cultural encounter that resulted from European expansion. The final section of the course deals with the twentieth-century. The following themes are covered: colonial resistance, the three-world order, and globalization. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 125 US History to 1865

  The major events and developments in America from Columbus to the Civil War, with emphasis on the creation of a distinctive American society from the interaction of different cultures, ethnic groups, and ideas. Major themes include the transformation of European cultural ideas in colonial America and the impact of republican ideology, democratization, and the spread of the market economy between the Revolution and the Civil War. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 126 US History Since 1865

  American history from 1865 until the present. Students learn about important themes in recent history such as the tension between property rights and human rights, pluralism and white supremacy, and ideological and political struggles over the regulation of capitalism, and the proper role of the federal government. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 207 Europe in the 20th Century

  An introduction to the main political, social, economic and intellectual developments in twentieth-century Europe. The major themes of the course include the experience of the two world wars; the development of fascist and communist regimes under Lenin and Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler; the weakness of the western democracies after World War I; the Holocaust; the Cold War; the Communist Bloc; the end to colonialism; the European Union; the development of the welfare state, and the new nationalism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History).Writing Process. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with PSC 207)

  
  HIS 210 History of Modern France

  A study of French history from 1750 to the 1980s. The course provides an overview of the political, social, economic, and cultural history of France from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth century. The course will address a variety of themes from the standpoint of France's place in European history as a whole but also in terms of the uniqueness of the French experience. Some of the themes covered by the course will include: France's revolutionary tradition; the development of a democratic society; the French pattern of gradual industrialization; the persistence of the French peasantry; the socialist movement and syndicalism; the evolution of the radical right; imperialism; French communism; intellectual movements in literature, philosophy and the arts; France and Europe in the post-war period; women in French society; and the role of minorities in France. The course will also examine the ways in which these themes relate to issues confronting contemporary France. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits.

  
  HIS 217 Women in Modern Europe

  An exploration of the position of women in Modern Europe from 1750 to the present. The course focuses around the tensions between women's difference and demands for equal treatment as this theme has played out through history. The course will begin with a discussion of gender in history and then proceed to examination of women in pre- industrial Europe, the French Revolution, the industrial revolution, nineteenth-century reform movements, feminism and the suffrage movement. Twentieth century themes include the "new" woman, women in communist Russia and under the fascist regimes, the impact of two world wars on women's roles, the welfare state, and finally, contemporary feminism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History).Writing Process. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits.

  
  HIS 226 Age of Jefferson & Jackson

  How the old republican ideal of a virtuous agrarian society struggled to confront the new age of economic modernization, social diversity and sectional tension. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History).Writing Process. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits.

  
  HIS 240 American Military History

  An analysis of American military institutions from Old World tradition to the post-Persian Gulf era with emphasis on the U.S. Army. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits.

  
  PSC 207 Europe in the 20th Century

  An introduction to the main political, social, economic and intellectual developments in twentieth-century Europe. The major themes of the course include the experience of the two world wars; the development of fascist and communist regimes under Lenin and Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler; the weakness of the western democracies after World War I; the Holocaust; the Cold War; the Communist Bloc; the end to colonialism; the European Union; the development of the welfare state, and the new nationalism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History).Writing Process. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with HIS 207)

  
  REL 340 One Nation Under God?

  This course explores the relationship between religion and politics in the United States. It will include an examination of the role religion played in the founding of our nation's democracy, the important separation between church and state that has been achieved over the course of our nation's history, and the ascendancy of the religious right in recent electoral politics. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 1 (History). 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with AMS 340)

  
  
  
• Area 2: Social Sciences [L2]
  

  Courses establish and explore domestic and/or international patterns of culture and social organization, examining the interrelationships among individuals, structures, and processes of societies. Courses draw on theories and methodological approaches used in the social sciences and prepare students to evaluate, integrate, and communicate information about issues related to human behavior.

  
  ECN 101 Principles of Microeconomics

  The course examines how individuals and firms make choices within the institution of free-market capitalism. Individuals decide how much of their time to spend working and what to buy with the earnings of their labor. Firms decide how much to produce and in some cases what price to charge for their goods. Together these choices determine what is produced, how it is produced, and for whom it is produced in our economic system. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  ECN 102 Principles of Macroeconomics

  This course extends the study of consumer and producer choices to discover how they affect the nation's economy. Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole as measured by the key variables of inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Emphasis is on both Keynesian and classical theories and how they predict what monetary and fiscal policies can be used to affect these variables and reach national economic goals. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  ECN 105 Essentials of Economics

  This course examines economics from both the microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives. The course covers the basic principles of economics including the problem of scarcity, economics systems and models, supply and demand, market equilibrium, competition and monopoly, the banking system, monetary policy and inflation, fiscal policy, deficits, economic growth, and international trade. Does not equate to either ECN 101 or 102 where these courses are specifically required. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  HIS 215 Law and Government

  This course uses key cases to study important doctrines established by the Supreme Court with respect to the structure and functions of the constitutional system (judicial, legislative and executive power and federalism). There is a particular emphasis on various forms of textual interpretation used by individual justices to apply the Constitution in deciding cases and writing opinions. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science).Writing Process. Prerequisites: Sophomore standing or permission of the instructor. PSC 110 recommended. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with PSC 215)

  
  INT 100 Globalization & Global Studies

  The course will examine global theories that explain patterns of world interaction, cooperation and conflict, and the process of globalization. It places international events into historical context and emphasizes the interrelationships among global institutions and culture. Citizenship at the global, national, and local levels will be emphasized. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  PSC 100 Intro. to Political Science

  This course is designed as a broadly-based introduction to the discipline of political science. It will acquaint students with the concepts, structures, trends, and belief systems that form the basis of political activity throughout the world. Those taking the course will leave with an enhanced understanding of - if not appreciation for - the multiple ideologies, institutions, issues, and actors that shape and drive politics. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  PSC 110 American National Government

  This course provides a survey of key developments, institutions, and issues in American politics. Topics include the ideas that shaped the original American political system, the presidency; Congress and federal courts; the operation of political parties and interest groups; domestic and foreign policy debates; and contemporary issues such as civil rights and affirmative action. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  PSC 215 Law and Government

  This course uses key cases to study important doctrines established by the Supreme Court with respect to the structure and functions of the constitutional system (judicial, legislative and executive power and federalism). There is a particular emphasis on various forms of textual interpretation used by individual justices to apply the Constitution in deciding cases and writing opinions. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science).Writing Process. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of the instructor. PSC 110 recommended. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with HIS 215)

  
  PSC 250 Public Policy Analysis

  This course describes the public policy process and analyzes various areas of substantive domestic policy at the national level. Topics covered include budgeting and taxation, education, health, welfare, and the environment. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science).Writing Process. Prerequisites: sophomore standing and PSC 110 or permission of the instructor. 3 credits.

  
  PSC 330 State & Local Government

  Governmental institutions, characteristics of state and local political systems and the major inter-governmental problems in state and local relations with federal government. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science).Writing Process. Prerequisites: Sophomore standing and PSC 110 or permission of the instructor. 3 credits.

  
  SOC 110 Introduction to Sociology

  An introduction to the sociological perspective with a focus on how individual behavior is shaped by the social context. The nature and characteristics of human societies and social life are examined from a perspective known as the "sociological imagination". Topics range from the influence of culture on human behavior, the development of the self, group dynamics, deviance, population, and social inequality. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  SOC 120 Introduction to Anthropology

  Introduction to both physical and cultural anthropology including human evolution, human variation, and cross-cultural analysis and comparison. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). 3 credits.

  
  SOC 210 Social Problems

  Contemporary social problems are examined from a constructionist perspective. Topics selected for study vary according to societal trends, but typically include an examination of social change, poverty, globalization, environmental degradation, deviance, and health. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). Prerequisite: SOC 110. 3 credits.

  
  SOC 230 Sociology of Marriage & Family

  An overview of family focusing on family structure and interaction. Diverse topics range from sexuality and love, mate selection and dating, parenting, dysfunctional families, and divorce. A historical and cross-cultural approach is employed in addition to a sociological approach. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). Prerequisite: SOC 110. 3 credits.

  
  SOC 261 Perspectives on Aging

  Introduction to the study of aging from a multidisciplinary perspective. Topics include the biology of aging, demographic trends in aging, and aging impacts on social institutions and society. Policies on aging are reviewed. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 2 (Social Science). Prerequisite: SOC 110. 3 credits.

  
  
  
• Area 3: Natural Sciences [L3]

  Courses present findings, concepts, and theories of science, develop an understanding of scientific methods of inquiry, engage students directly in the practice of science, and prepare students to think critically about scientific issues.
  

  Students must complete both lecture and associated lab component to satisfy the Natural Sciences requirement.
  

  
  BIO 101 Human Biology

  The human organism is utilized as the primary focus to elucidate physiological principles for non-science majors. Topics include nutrition, homeostasis, major organ systems, immunity, and evolution. Laboratory exercises include sensory physiology, respiration, blood pressure, exercise physiology and ECG. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 101L. 3 credits.

  
  BIO 101L Human Biology Laboratory

  Corresponding laboratory for BIO 101. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 101. 1 credit.

  
  BIO 102 Human Heredity

  This course is intended for the non-science major. Although the major emphasis of this course is on the inheritance of traits in humans, topics ranging from basic cell reproduction through gamete production and early developmental stages are also covered. Classical genetics, in both humans and other organisms, including both chromosomal and gene genetics, as well as population genetics, molecular genetics and application of genetics to biotechnology and genetic engineering are discussed. The laboratory is intended to give the student "hands-on" experience in making observations, performing experiments and working with scientific equipment. Topics to be covered in the laboratory include studying prepared slides, performing genetic crosses, activating genes in bacteria, isolating DNA and learning about DNA fingerprinting. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 102L. 3 credits.

  
  BIO 102L Human Heredity Laboratory

  Corresponding laboratory for BIO 102. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 102. 1 credit.

  
  BIO 103 Environmental Science

  Designed for non-science majors, the course serves as an introduction to ecological principles and their applications to understanding the causes and current status of environmental problems. Options for dealing with these problems are evaluated. Possible topics for discussion are overpopulation, food and water resources, ozone depletion, global warming, deforestation, acid rain, biodiversity, erosion, loss of wetlands, energy sources, pollution, eutrophication and waste disposal. Laboratory exercises are designed to illustrate ecological concepts presented in lecture. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 103L. 3 credits.

  
  BIO 103L Environmental Science Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for BIO 103. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 103. 1 credit.

  
  BIO 111 General Biology I

  A rigorous study of basic biological principles, designed for science majors. Topics emphasized include basic biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, embryology, histology, and evolution. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 111L. 3 credits.

  
  BIO 111L General Biology I Laboratory

  Corresponding laboratory for BIO 111. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 111. 1 credit.

  
  BIO 112 General Biology II

  This course, also rigorous and designed for science majors, covers concepts in animal and plant physiology, botany, and ecology. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Must be taken concurrently with BIO 114. 3 credits.

  
  BIO 112L General Biology II Laboratory

  Corresponding laboratory for BIO 112. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: BIO 112. 1 credit.

  
  *CHM 111 Principles of Chemistry I

  An introduction to chemistry for the science major. First semester topics include atomic and molecular structure, chemical reactions, calculations involving chemical concentrations, gas laws and bonding. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: one year of high school chemistry or permission. Corequisite: CHM 113 or CHM 115. 3 credits.

  
  *CHM 112 Principles of Chemistry II

  A continuation of first semester. Topics include kinetics, acids and bases, equilibrium, oxidation- reduction chemistry, thermodynamics, electro- chemistry and nuclear chemistry. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: CHM 111. Corequisite: CHM 114 or CHM 116. 3 credits.

  
  CHM 113 Introductory Laboratory I

  Laboratory course to accompany 111. Experiments cover stoichiometry, gas laws, quantitative analysis, equilibrium, electrochemistry, chemical synthesis and the use of computers for collecting data. Students are introduced to instrumentation including infrared, UV-visible, and atomic absorption spectrometers. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Co-requisite: CHM 111. 1 credit.

  
  CHM 114 Introductory Laboratory II

  Second semester laboratory course to accompany 112. Experiments cover stoichiometry, gas laws, quantitative analysis, equilibrium, electrochemistry, chemical synthesis and the use of computers for collecting data. Students are introduced to intrumentation including infrared, UV-visible, and atomic absorption spectrometers. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: CHM 112. 1 credit.

  
  CHM 115 Techniques of Chemistry I

  Extended projects involving the synthesis of inorganic and organic compounds that require the development of procedure from published literature methods. The prepared compounds are then analyzed using quantitative analytical techniques, as well as introductory spectroscopic techniques. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: major in chemistry or biochemistry and molecular biology. Co-requisite: CHM 111. 1 credit.

  
  CHM 116 Techniques of Chemistry II

  Second semester of extended projects involving the synthesis of inorganic and organic compounds that require the development of procedure from published literature methods. The prepared compounds are then analyzed using quantitative analytical techniques, as well as introductory spectroscopic techniques. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: major in chemistry or biochemistry and molecular biology. Corequisite: CHM 112. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 101 Fundamentals of Physics I

  An introduction to the fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics and atomic and nuclear structure with laboratory work in each area. Emphasis and applications appropriate for music recording technology majors. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 101L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 101L Fundamentals of Physics I Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PHY 101. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 101. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 102 Fundamentals of Physics II

  A continuation of the introduction to the fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear structure with laboratory work in each area. Emphasis and applications appropriate for music recording technology majors. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 101/L or equivalent. Corequisite: PHY 102L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 102L Fundamentals of Physics II Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PHY 102. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 101/L or equivalent. Corequisite: PHY 102. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 103 General College Physics I

  An introduction to the fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics, including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear structure, with laboratory work in each area. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 103L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 103L General College Physics I Lab

  Laboratory course to cover the fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics, including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear structure. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 103. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 104 General College Physics II

  A continuation of PHY 103. Fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics, including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear structure, with laboratory work in each area. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 103 or equivalent. Corequisite: PHY 106. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 104L General College Physics II Lab

  A continuation of PHY 104. Laboratory course to cover the fundamental concepts and laws of the various branches of physics, including mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear structure. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 103/L or equivalent. Corequisite: PHY 104. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 111 Principles of Physics I

  An introductory course in classical physics, designed for students who desire a rigorous mathematical approach to college physics. Calculus is used throughout. The first semester is devoted to mechanics and heat with laboratory work in each area. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite or corequisite: MAS 111 or 161. Corequisite: PHY 111L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 111L Principles of Physics I Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PHY 111. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite or corequisite: MAS 111 or 161. Corequisite: PHY 111. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 112 Principles of Physics II

  Second semester of Principles of Physics. An introductory course in classical physics, designed for students who desire a rigorous mathematical approach to college physics. Calculus is used throughout. The second semester is devoted to electricity, magnetism and optics with laboratory work in each area. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 111/L and MAS 111 or 161. Corequisite: PHY 112L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 112L Principles of Physics II Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PHY 112. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: PHY 111/L and MAS 111 or 161. Corequisite: PHY 112. 1 credit.

  
  PHY 120 Principles of Astronomy

  An introduction to the forces that shape the solar system and the universe as well as the tools used to observe them. It presents a comprehensive review of the modern scientific view of the physical universe. Topics include the history of astronomy, astronomical technology, and the structure and evolution of astrophysical systems including the solar system, Sun, other stars, and galaxies. Laboratory work required. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 120L. 3 credits.

  
  PHY 120L Principles of Astronomy Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PHY 120. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PHY 120. 1 credit.

  
  PSY 111 General Psychology I

  This laboratory course is designed as an introduction to the conceptual and methodological foundations of psychological science. Through an exploration of several content areas in psychology, including physiological psychology, sensation & perception, learning, cognition, and states of consciousness, the course provides a conceptual background for understanding behavior, and active engagement with the scientific process (including theory building, hypothesis testing and critical analysis of empirical data). Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PSY 111L. 3 credits.

  
  PSY 111L General Psychology I Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for PSY 111. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: PSY 111. 1 credit.

  
  SCI 100 Introduction to Science

  The study of scientific principles and experiments applicable to a person's everyday experiences. Student projects are selected from the areas of biology, chemistry, and physics. The course is open to all students and is appropriate for those intending to teach elementary school. Laboratory experience included. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: SCI 100L. 3 credits.

  
  SCI 100L Introduction to Science Lab

  Corresponding laboratory for SCI 100. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: SCI 100. 1 credit.

  
  
  *Students taking CHM 111 Principles of Chemistry I

  An introduction to chemistry for the science major. First semester topics include atomic and molecular structure, chemical reactions, calculations involving chemical concentrations, gas laws and bonding. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: one year of high school chemistry or permission. Corequisite: CHM 113 or CHM 115. 3 credits.

  lecture must take either the CHM 113 Introductory Laboratory I

  Laboratory course to accompany 111. Experiments cover stoichiometry, gas laws, quantitative analysis, equilibrium, electrochemistry, chemical synthesis and the use of computers for collecting data. Students are introduced to instrumentation including infrared, UV-visible, and atomic absorption spectrometers. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Co-requisite: CHM 111. 1 credit.

  or 115 lab; students taking CHM 112 Principles of Chemistry II

  A continuation of first semester. Topics include kinetics, acids and bases, equilibrium, oxidation- reduction chemistry, thermodynamics, electro- chemistry and nuclear chemistry. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Prerequisite: CHM 111. Corequisite: CHM 114 or CHM 116. 3 credits.

  lecture must take either the CHM 114 Introductory Laboratory II

  Second semester laboratory course to accompany 112. Experiments cover stoichiometry, gas laws, quantitative analysis, equilibrium, electrochemistry, chemical synthesis and the use of computers for collecting data. Students are introduced to intrumentation including infrared, UV-visible, and atomic absorption spectrometers. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 3 (Natural Science). Corequisite: CHM 112. 1 credit.

  or 116 lab.
  

   

  Area 4: Mathematics [L4]

  Courses introduce pivotal mathematical ideas, abstract mathematical constructs, and mathematical applications. They make students aware of the powers and limitations of mathematics and emphasize the role of mathematics in our society. They strengthen students' abilities to read in order to understand ideas and extract technical or mathematical information, to apply mathematical reasoning, and to articulate mathematical ideas.

  
  MAS 100 Concepts of Mathematics

  A study of a variety of topics in mathematics. Many introduce modern mathematics and most do not appear in the secondary school curriculum. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). 3 credits.

  
  MAS 111 Analysis I

  A calculus sequence for department majors and other students desiring a rigorous introduction to elementary calculus. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). 4 credits.

  
  MAS 112 Analysis II

  Second semester of a calculus sequence for department majors and other students desiring a rigorous introduction to elementary calculus. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). Prerequisite: MAS 111; Corequisites: MAS 113, 114. A student may not receive credit for both MAS 112 and MAS 162. 4 credits.

  
  MAS 150 Finite Mathematics

  Introduction to mathematical techniques used in quantitative analysis in business and economics. Topics include sets, linear relations, matrices, linear programming, probability and interest. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). 3 credits.

  
  MAS 161 Calculus I

  A calculus sequence covering functions, limits, differentiation, integration and applications. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). 3 credits.

  
  MAS 162 Calculus II

  Second semester of a calculus sequence covering functions, limits, differentiation, integration and infinite series. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). Prerequisite: MAS 161; A student may not receive credit for both MAS 112 and MAS 162. 3 credits.

  
  MAS 170 Elementary Statistics

  An introduction to elementary descriptive and inferential statistics with emphasis on conceptual understanding. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). A student may not receive credit for MAS 170 after completing MAS 372. A student may not receive credit for both MAS 170 and MAS 270. 3 credits.

  
  MAS 270 Intermediate Statistics

  A more advanced version of MAS 170 intended for students with some calculus background. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 4 (Mathematics). A student may not receive credit for both MAS 170 and MAS 270. 3 credits.

  
  
  
• Area 5: Literature and Fine Arts [L5]

  Courses acquaint students with significant works of artistic expression and with their historical and cultural contexts. They help them analyze and broaden their understanding of works of art, music, and literature and seek both to extend their aesthetic experience and enhance the quality of their critical judgment.

  
  ART 112 Westrn Art I: Prehist-Medieval

  An introduction to art and architecture from the ziggurats of Mesopotamia and the pyramids of dynastic Egypt to the temples of ancient Greece and Rome, the mosaics of Byzantium to the illuminated manuscripts and soaring cathedrals of medieval Europe. Each artwork and architectural structure is situated within its historical, social, economic, religious, and cultural context. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ART 114 Western Art II: Ren. - Modern

  Beginning with the rediscovery of antiquity and concluding with rise of modernity, this course examines the rapid transformation of Western art and architecture. Key stylistics movements include the Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Romanticism, Neoclassicism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism. Each artwork and architectural structure is situated within its historical, social, economic, religious, and cultural context. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ART 214 History of Photography

  This course covers the history of photography with emphasis on the aesthetic elements of traditional and contemporary work. The significance of technical developments, photographic processes, and photographic criticism is discussed. It provides a contextual study of photography, not only as an art form but as a social commentary on culture. Content includes the history of the photography from the early 19th century to the present, including the introduction of color, photography as a form of social documentation, Modernist and Postmodernist approaches to the medium, photojournalism, and the use of photography within popular culture. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. 3 credits.

  
  ART 312 Renaissance Art

  Focusing on the late thirteenth to the end of the sixteenth century, this course offers a comprehensive survey of the major monuments, themes, and developments of Renaissance art in Europe. Works by Giotto, Van Eyck, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, D rer, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, among others, are examined. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisites: ART 112 or ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ART 316 Baroque Art

  This course is a pan-European survey of baroque art and architecture, focusing on artists working in Italy, France, Spain, England, Flanders, and the Dutch Republic. Artworks by Caravaggio, Bernini, Borromini, and Velßzquez in southern Europe, and Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Poussin, and Christopher Wren in Northern Europe, will be highlighted. Students explore such issues as patronage, stylistic difference, the interconnection of art and religion, and the changing political climate of Europe. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: ART 112 or ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ART 320 Art and Revolution: 1776-1863

  Covering the period from the American Revolution in 1776 to the controversial Salon des RefusTs of 1863, this course examines the art of Europe and the North America as it undergoes turbulent cultural change. Cataclysmic events such as the American and French Revolution, the economic and technological changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution, and the various revolutions in thought and politics, such as The Enlightenment and the rise of Marxism, emerge as key driving agents in the transformation of art and architecture during the period. Art movements under examination include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisites: ART 112 or ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ART 328 Modern Art

  An overview of modern art and architecture from the 1890s to the rise of postmodernism in the 1970s, including important stylistic movements such as Symbolism, Art Nouveau, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Minimalism, Pop Art, and Conceptual Art. The focus will be on the ideas, works, and critical reception of specific artists, widened to include issues of science and technology, race and gender, and related developments in politics and literature. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ART 330 Contemporary Art:1980-Present

  This course explores the cultural and theoretical underpinnings of the contemporary art world. Focusing on the past three decades, the course examines those key elements that define art today, such as the art market, the media, controversy and debate, new modes of practice, and the rising context of the global. By tracing the diverse narratives that inform the art world, the student will understand how contemporary art and architecture generate meaning, and what methods and theories are employed in critiquing emerging forms. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ART 332 Art and the Moving Image

  This course examines the interrelationship of art history and film studies from the origins of photography and cinema in the 1800s to the present day. Specific examples of filmmakers and artists are examined, as well as various art movements including Cubism, Surrealism, and Postmodernism. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: ART 114. 3 credits.

  
  ENG 120 Introduction to Literature

  Introduction to literary genres and the basic methodology, terminology and concepts of the study of literature. Offered every semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 180 Introduction to Theater

  Introduction to the study of theater arts that traces the evolution of the techniques of acting, stagecraft, and playwriting from ancient times to the present. Usually offered alternate fall semesters. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 221 Survey of Amer. Literature I

  Survey of selected major American authors from the colonial period to about 1900. Usually offered every semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 222 Survey of Amer. Literature II

  A survey of selected major American authors from 1900 to the present. Usually offered every semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 225 Survey of English Literature I

  A survey of selected major English authors from the Middle ages to about 1800. Usually offered every semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 226 Survey of English Lit II

  Survey of selected major English authors from about 1800 to the present. Usually offered every semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 227 Survey of World Literature I

  Survey of selected major writers from earliest literate history to about A.D. 1000. This includes literature from western Europe and non-western cultures. Usually offered fall semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 228 Survey of World Literature II

  Survey of selected major writers from about A.D. 1000 until about 1800. This course includes literature from western Europe and non-western cultures. Usually offered spring semester. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  ENG 375 Introduction to Film

  Introduction to analysis and critique of a broad range of foreign and American films and an overview of film's history as a form of political, social, and cultural expression. This course contributes to the student's acquisition of a critical vocabulary and development of critical thinking skills. Usually offered alternate spring semesters. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: ENG 120 or 200-level literature survey. 3 credits.

  
  FRN 330 Intro to French and Franco Lit

  Introduction to literary studies in French. Provides the student with the basic concepts, methods, tools, and terminology used in textual analysis and literary criticism. Readings by representative French and Francophone authors from different periods, regions and genres: poetry, short story, novel, and drama. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: FRN 202. 3 credits.

  
  FRN 405 Authors & Movements in French

  Varying topics which focus on particular authors or literary movements in French or Francophone literature. Examples may include: Victor Hugo and the Romantics; Women writers; Writers of NTgritude; French Revolutions 1789, 1848, 1968. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes. Prerequisite: FRN 300-level course, or equivalent. 3 credits.

  
  FRN 440 Cont French & Francophone Lit

  Study of major trends and cultural productions in French and Francophone literature from the Second World War to the present. Students will read a representative selection of major literary works in French, and discuss theoretical, aesthetic, and critical issues pertinent to existentialism, theater of the Absurd, colonialism and its legacies, feminism, etc. Special emphasis is placed on close reading of texts in order to train students to read critically and to discuss in context major authors, themes, and their interpretation. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: FRN 300-level course, or equivalent. 3 credits.

  
  FRN 450 Themes & Genres in French Lit

  Varying topics which focus on particular themes or genres in French or Francophone literature. Examples may include: Comedies from MoliFre to Ionesco; Paris in the Literary Imagination; Chansons from the troubadours to Jacques Brel; Bande dessinTe. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes. Prerequisite: FRN 300-level course, or equivalent. 3 credits.

  
  GMN 410 Readings in German

  Works of fiction and nonfiction selected to explore a particular topic or theme. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes. Prerequisite: GMN 202 or equivalent. 3 credits.

  
  GMN 460 Lyric Poetry

  A study of German song from Minnesang to Kanaksprak. Involves both texts and music as appropriate. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: GMN 202 or equivalent. 3 credits.

  
  MSC 100 Introduction to Music

  For the non-music major, a survey of Western music designed to increase the individual's musical perception. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  MSC 101 Fundamentals of Music

  For music minors and non-music majors, an introduction to the rudiments of music: notation, key signatures, theory, aural theory and so forth. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). 3 credits.

  
  MSC 242 Hist. & Lit. of Music II

  A survey course in the history of Western music (in the context of world musics of various cultures), with emphasis on stylistic developments and illustrative musical examples, from the classical period to the present. Music core course. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: MSC 101, MSC 115, or permission of the instructor. 3 credits.

  
  MSC 343 20th Century Music

  An advanced course in music history. Beginning with late-19th-century musical developments, the course continues chronologically through the 20th century. Designed for music majors and interested non-majors who read music well. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: MSC 242 or permission of the instructor. 3 credits.

  
  SPA 330 Introduction to Literature

  This is an introduction to literary studies in Spanish. The course will provide the student with the basic concepts, methods, tools, and terminology used in textual analysis and literary criticism. Readings by representative Hispanic authors from different periods and regions will come from four genres: poetry, short story, novel, and drama. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art). Prerequisite: SPA 300, 310 or 311. 3 credits.

  
  SPA 440 Spa Lit of the 20th & 21st Cen

  This course presents a chronological study of some of the major trends and cultural productions, corresponding to the cultural and aesthetic movements from the 1880s to the present. Students will read a representative selection of major Peninsular literary works from that period, and discuss theoretical, aesthetic, and critical issues pertinent to modernism, the avant-garde, post-modernism, etc. These texts will also prepare students for further work in more advanced courses of Hispanic literature(s) and culture(s). Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: SPA 330. 3 credits.

  
  SPA 445 Caribbean Literature & Culture

  This course focuses on the analysis of cultural productions in the 20th and 21st centuries from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Race, class, gender and nationality will be categories of experience that will guide the analysis, conversations and written essays. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: SPA 330. 3 credits.

  
  SPA 450 Modern Latin American Lit.

  This course covers a wide range of genres and authors. Some of the reading selections include texts from the Latin American "boom" literary movement as well as from Latin American Nobel Laureates in literature. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: SPA 330. 3 credits.

  
  SPA 480 Capstone Senior Sem in Spanish

  This course is designed to be a culminating experience for the Spanish major. As such, the focus of the course is on synthesizing knowledge from previous courses into a broad historical and cultural framework. Final project will take the form of an extensive research paper. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 5 (Literature and Fine Art).Writing Process. Prerequisite: SPA 330 or equivalent, and at least 20 total hours of Spanish credit. 3 credits.

  
  
• Area 6: Religion/Philosophy [L6]

  Courses introduce students to major religious or philosophical perspectives and the critical study of meaning, values, morals, beliefs, or religious practices. These courses in religion and philosophy promote the intellectual skills of inquiry and analysis, and promote personal and social responsibility by helping to establish the foundations and skills for lifelong learning.

  
  PHL 110 The Examined Life

  Examination of major philosophical issues and the ways major philosophers have dealt with them. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.

  
  PHL 210 Ethics

  An inquiry into the central problems of values applied to human conduct, with an examination of the responses of major ethical theories to those problems. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy).Writing Process. 3 credits.

  
  PHL 222 American Philosophy

  A survey of philosophical thought in the United States from colonial period to present, with emphasis on the work of Peirce, James, and Dewey. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.

  
  PHL 230 Philosophy of Religion

  A study of the issues raised for philosophy by contemporary religious thought. The course examines such topics as faith and reason; faith and culture; and interpretations of revelation, symbolism and religious language. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy).Writing Process. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with REL 230)

  
  REL 110 The Sacred Life

  An exploration of the many dimensions of religion as a central human experience: self and meaning, religious expression, religious knowledge, religion in its cultural context, and religion and the natural order. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.

  
  REL 202 Jewish and Christian Scripture

  A study of the Hebrew Bible and New Testament and related literature, including its historical and social context. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.

  
  REL 230 Philosophy of Religion

  A study of the issues raised for philosophy by contemporary religious thought. The course examines such topics as faith and reason; faith and culture; and interpretations of revelation, symbolism and religious language. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy).Writing Process. 3 credits. (This course is cross-listed with PHL 230)

  
  REL 250 Christianity

  An examination of the history of Christianity and the development of Christian thought through the reading and discussion of primary works in Christian theology and philosophy. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.

  
  REL 251 Judaism

  A survey of the development of Judaism and its contemporary teachings and practices. Fulfills general education requirement: Liberal Studies Area 6 (Religion and Philosophy). 3 credits.